Noted Kiowa composers of contemporary music include James Anquoe, noted for his contributions to Native American culture. Traditional craft skills are not lost among the Kiowa people today and the talented fine arts and crafts produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative flourish over its 20-year existence. Koasek Abenaki Nation Flag. [5] In 1867, the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. The Kiowa by U.S. Department of Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994. A trickster, called 'Saynday,' turned the Kiowa people into ants. Keywords: kiowa | oklahoma | native american | For example, the Kiowa are referred to as "creek people" in an oral narrative recited in 1993 by native Arapaho speaker Paul Moss. In 1871 Satank, Satanta and Big Tree (translated in some documents as Addo-etta[35]) helped lead the Warren Wagon Train Raid. metroflags.com@gmail.com. This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 11:53. For a time, the Kiowa are thought to have shared land, mostly in present-day eastern Colorado, with the Arapaho. The pale blue flag of the Kiowa bears the tribal logo in the center (Letter, Charlotte Redbird, Tribal Administrative Secretary, 15 Feb. 1995). [42], The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a drastic change in Kiowa lifestyle. The washer, historically a woman, also combs the hair and paints the face of the dead. At the base of the logo is a small circle, divided green on the left and yellow on the right, with a silhouette of a buffalo head in black. [62], Nation of American Indians of the Great Plains. [45] The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache. Kaw Tribe Flag. Kiowa people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. His legacy is continued today by his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a prominent Kiowa photographer and digital artist. Plants important to Kiowa cuisine includes pecans, prickly pear, mulberries, persimmons, acorns, plums, and wild onions. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. [27][28] The Koitsenko (Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Principal Dogs or Real Dogs)[29] consisted of the ten most elite warriors of all the Kiowa, who were elected by the members of the other four adult warrior societies.[30]. "The Death Practices and Eschatology of the Kiowa Apache". A quick burial was believed to reduce the risk of spirits remaining around the burial site. The tipi is designed to be warm inside during the cold winter months and cool inside during the warm summer. Ahhaitty. Occasionally they wore the skins of wolves or coyotes to hide their approach towards the bison herds. Kiowa ranged north of the Wichita Mountains. The first part of the name is the element Kae-, Cáui- or Gai- which means the Kiowa themselves – it may derive from the word ka' (mother) or from ka-a (a type of spear with feathers along its length). Certain parts of the bison were sometimes eaten raw. “Every culture has values and beliefs and ideology, but there’s always a handful of things that are more important in that particular culture than the others,” says Williams. Before the introduction of horses, bison were hunted on foot and required the hunter to get as close as possible to the target before going close to shoot with arrows or use the long lance. [26] The Po-Lanh-Yope (Little Rabbits) was for boys; all young Kiowa boys were enrolled and the group served mostly social and education purposes, involving no violence or combat. Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn. Once the body has been treated, a burial occurs promptly. The true origin is lost. Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma Flag. "The Kiowa". Bison were hunted on horseback and the men used bows and arrows to take them down, as well as long lances to pierce the hearts of the animals. This is a Landmark decision enforcing the boundaries of the Kiowa Nation, handed down on July 13, 1998. CRW Flags Inc. offers the Kiowa Tribe and other Native American flags and accessories. The entire logo is encircled by "KIOWA TRIBE" above and "OF OKLAHOMA" below, both in Links: FOTW homepage | They were arrested by United States soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. [32] Families and relatives were expected to demonstrate grief through reactions such as wailing, ripping off clothes and shaving of the head. Then he made them leave their unde… [citation needed], Typical of the plains Indians, the Kiowa were a warrior people. Guipago eventually got the two captives released in September 1873. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan, or Little Bear, and Ankopaingyadete, In the Middle of Many Tracks, commonly known as Anko. In the early 19th, the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. On the surface, the Black Leggings celebrate warrior culture, but at its core, the society offers a lesson to the next generation of tribal members on what it is to be a Kiowa in a changing world. Kiowa horses were also often decorated with beaded masks (sometimes with bison horns attached to the sides) and feathers in their manes. The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers, or through their own achievements in the arts. Last modified: 2017-08-22 by rick wyatt The warrior rides an Appaloosa, a breed developed by the Salish Tribe of Idaho and Montana in the traditional homeland of the Kiowa. Kalispel Indian Comm. Men did most of the hunting in Kiowa society. To this band belonged the medicine man Maman-ti. Their last terrible blow carne in the spring of 1892, when measles and fever destroyed more th… Wooden poles called lodge poles from 12–25 feet (3.7–7.6 m) in length are used as support for the lodge. They surrendered after the Palo Duro Canyon fight. [17], The tribe owns three casinos, the Kiowa Casino in Carnegie, and the Kiowa Casino in Verden, and the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in Devol (approximately 20 minutes north of Wichita Falls, Texas).[18]. information provided by Peter Orenski, 10 January 2008, Index to North American Native Bands and Nations. The Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma started their own COVID-19 Response Center to make sure their people are able to get by during the pandemic. Box 369. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Click on a flag to see an enlargement and the tribe’s name and location today. 12, pp. After the burial, most of the belongings of the dead were burned along with their tipi. [14], The Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma. In addition to the Comanche, the Kiowa formed a very close alliance with the Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache), with the two nations sharing much of the same culture and participating in each other's annual council meetings and events. The Soy-hay-talpupé were often called Montalyui or Kó̱tályop / Kṓtályóp / Kṓtályôi ("Black Boys", Black Boy Band); they were also named after the Kiowa cultural hero Séndè / Sindi and therefore called Séndèiyòi (Séndè / Sainday's Children). The Flag. These names are most likely a reference to their creation myths. This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 00:25. Great Plains Quarterly 26(4):265–282. In closing years of the 18th century and in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Kiowa feared little from European neighbors. Weitere Ideen zu indianische symbole, ureinwohner, indische symbole. The Kogui were responsible for conducting the war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. During this "Cut-Throat Massacre", the Osage captured the sacred Tai-may doll (the Sun Dance figure of the Kiowa) as well. This use of the Principal Dog's sash flying from the head of a lance is one of the earliest uses of flag-like objects, or vexilloids, by a Native American people. If their tipi or house was shared with family, the surviving relatives moved into a new house.[34]. Click here to see the list. see also: Native Americans Index Oklahoma Index: Nylon ; Size 12x18" 2x3' 3x5' 4x6' 5x8' 6x10' Each $25.00 $35.00 $65.00 $80.00 $125.00 $180.00 : Kiowa Tribe Indoor Flag Set $211: Kiowa call themselves Ka'igwu, Cáuigù[8][incomplete short citation] or Gaigwu, most given with the meaning "Principal People". In this case the dead is buried the following morning. ____ (2006) "Black Goose's Map of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Reservation in Oklahoma Territory." In the Black Hills region, the Kiowa lived peacefully alongside the Crow Indians, with whom they long maintained a close friendship, organized themselves into 10 bands, and numbered around 3000. They fought frequently with enemies both neighboring and far beyond their territory. From that spot, the head Principal Dog fought and protected his sacred sash. MetroFlags.com. To the east there was warfare with the Osage and Pawnee. Plains Anthropologist, 58(226):3–28. [51][52], As of 2000[update], more than 4,000 of 12,500 enrolled Kiowa lived near the towns of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie, in Caddo and Kiowa counties, Oklahoma. Learn how and when to remove this template message. Kiowa (/ˈkaɪəwə, -wɑː, -weɪ/[2][3]) people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. Flag. Plains Anthropologist 52(202):229–244. In the tribe’s creation mythology the earth had been flooded, and then a period of drying occurred and land formed. [4] The first part of the name is the element Kae-, Cáui- or Gai- which means the Kiowa themselves – it may derive from the word ka' (mother) or from ka-a (a type of spear with feathers along its length). Google Chrome will not correctly display forms with built in calculations. Dieser Pinnwand folgen 371 Nutzer auf Pinterest. Mules and donkeys were also used as means of transportation and wealth; however, they were not as esteemed. The heads were cut off and placed in kettles. The Kiowa and Plains Apache established a homeland that lay in the Southern Plains adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.[5]. Kae-kia means a Kiowa man; Kae-ma is a Kiowa woman. Meadows, William C. (1999) "Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies." Besides the Kiowa Six and Silver Horn, Kiowa painters active in the 20th and 21st centuries include Sharron Ahtone Harjo, Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, Michael C. Satoe Brown, T. C. Cannon, Wilson Daingkau, George Geionty, Bobby Hill (1933–1984), Harding Bigbow (1921–1997), Jim Tartsah, Mirac Creepingbear (1947–1990), Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, C. E. Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse, Blackbear Bosin, Woody Big Bow (1914–1988), Parker Boyiddle Jr. (1947–2007), Dennis Belindo (1938–2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942–2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay), Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, R.G. Warrior societies and religious societies were important to Kiowa society and carried out specific roles. They adorned their horses with body paint from the medicine man for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as good fortune and protection during battle. The Kiowa tended to stay in areas for long periods of time. Noted Kiowa beadwork artists include Lois Smoky Kaulaity, Donna Jean Tsatoke, Alice Littleman, Nettie Standing, Marilyn Yeahquo, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Leona Geimasaddle, Barry D. Belindo, Kathy Littlechief, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels, Jr., Kiowa J. Taryole, Grace Tsontekoy, Richard Aitson, Judy Beaver, Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings, Leatrice Geimasaddle, Teri Greeves, and Tahnee Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder.[58]. He could not desert his position until replaced by another of the "Ten Bravest". The famous Principal Kiowa chiefs Dohäsan (Little Mountain) and Guipago (Lone Wolf) were members of this band. ", The Kiowa, U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center. The mountain pass they came through was populated heavily by grizzly bear Kgyi-yo and Blackfoot people. There it is held in the talons of an eagle.) Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Red River, together with the Comanche allies, in the summer (June–September) 1874. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,[4] and finally into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century. Searching for more lands of their own, the Kiowa traveled southeast to the Black Hills in present-day South Dakota and Wyoming around 1650. These two celestial bodies are important in Kiowa ceremonial dance rituals such as the Skaw-Tow or Sundance, the Feather or Ghost Dance, and the peyote religious service of the Native American Church. The Kiowa created their flag song to honor warriors of the past, present and their people, their memorial song and the dance bustle in the O-Ho-Mah Lodge warrior society from the Omaha tribe. McKenzie's letters are in the National Anthropological Archives on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language. Dick Swift, "Introduction to the Study of North American Indians". They gathered and prepared food for winter months, and participated in key ritual events. The Kiowa were unable to perform the Sun Dance until the return of the Tai-may in 1835. Thirty Indians were hired to form the first police force on the Reservation. Meadows, William C. and Kenny Harragarra (2007 )"The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847–1927): A Self Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition." [53] Ledger art emerges from the Plains hide painting tradition. East of Kiowa territory they fought with the Pawnee, Osage, Kickapoo, Kaw, Caddo, Wichita, and Sac and Fox. Almost all warfare took place while mounted on horses. Kiowa - Early History and the First Divide. The Kiowa by U.S. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994. They hunted and gathered wild foods and traded with neighboring agrarian tribes for produce. In Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity as nations from private suits without their consent, even in off-reservation transactions where they do not waive that immunity. They knew that they were driven south by pressure from the Sioux. The precise origins of the Kiowa are difficult to determine. The Kiowa originated in western Montana and over the centuries worked their way east and then south (ENAT, 110-112). Opler, Morris E., and William E. Bittle. [22] The Kiowa women took care of the camp while the men were away. n.d.). The Kiowa had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains. With the horse, they could transport larger loads, hunt more game over a wider range and more easily, and travel longer and farther. [33], The body of the deceased must be washed before burial. Kiowa music, one of the most heavily recorded tribes, is part of the larger Southern Plains Indian music genre. ): Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft und Völkerkunde der nordamerikanischen Indianer, Bd. Visit Miami Nation of Oklahoma Website. The logo shows a Kiowa warrior of the Plains surrounded by a ring of ten white-and-black eagle feathers representing the ten Kiowa Medicine Bundles (seal provided by the Kiowa Tribal Headquarters). He was a respected religious leader in his later years. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Tipis were made from bison hides shaped and sewn together in a conical shape. [49] The current constitution was approved in 2017. The Kiowa people have a history in North America that goes back well before the settlement of Europeans. The Kiowa people told ethnologist James Mooney that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. There have also been accounts of self-induced body lacerations and finger joints being cut. KIOWA TRIBE RESOLUTION NO. Davis, Jeffrey. A friend of … Satanta and Big Tree were later convicted of murder by a "cowboy jury". US State Flags (AL-OK) US State Flags (OR-WY) US Territory Flags; Puerto Rico Flags; International Flags. The symbolism includes ten eagle feathers which represent the ten Kiowa Medicine Bundles deriving power from the Half Boy, “Tahlee.”. ... Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma. 2006. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and an elected head-chief who was considered to be a symbolic leader of the entire nation. Dried meat was prepared into pemmican, for sustenance while the people were on the move. The Kiowa became powerful and skilled mounted warriors who conducted long-distance raids against enemies. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. In the early spring of 1790 at the place that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes. Each year Kiowa veterans commemorate the warlike spirit of the 19th-century leaders with dances performed by the Kiowa Gourd Clan and Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society. The recurring circular patterns in the sky, the feathers, and the small shield at the base of the logo recall the sun and the moon. Some of the Lipan Apache and Mescalero Apache bands with some Comanche in their company held out in northern Mexico until the early 1880s, when Mexican and U.S. Army forces drove them onto reservations or into extinction. © Donald Healy 2008 Chiefs were chosen based on bravery and courage shown in battle as well as intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries, and finally into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century. Guide to Kiowa Tribe ancestry, family history and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, parish registers, and other agency records.. To get started on Indigenous Peoples of the United States Research. The logo shows a Kiowa warrior of the Plains surrounded by a ring of ten white-and-black eagle feathers representing the ten Kiowa Medicine Bundles (seal provided by the Kiowa Tribal Headquarters). They had much larger ranges for their seasonal hunting, and horses could carry some of their camping goods. The first part of their names could Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma (Offizielle Seite) Auszug aus: Hartmut Krech: Einige vorläufige Bemerkungen zur Frage der Kiowa-Heraldik [Some Preliminary Remarks Concerning Kiowa Heraldry. In the process of grief, women and the widowed spouse were expected to be more expressive in their mourning. Español: Los Kiowa son una de las naciones indias norteamericanas que vivían principalmente en las llanuras del oeste de Texas, Oklahoma y el este de Nuevo México cuando llegaron los primeros europeos. For more information concerning this important court decision, please go to this web site. The relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist John P. Harrington in 1910, and was definitively established in 1967. There were numerous famous families and leaders known for their military exploits and bravery, such as Ad-da-te ("Islandman"), Satanta (White Bear), and Kicking Bird, and the war chiefs Big Bow (Zepko-ete) and Stumbling Bear (Set-imkia). This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanche. As early as 1891, Kiowa artists were being commissioned to produce works for display at international expositions. Tents, chairs, flags, ancestral clothes, and a dedicated circle of Kiowa men and women gathered to honor their ancestral tribe. The Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer society. search | The Comanche were at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region.[21]. Descriptions and the history of each flag is provided, if available. In 1877, the federal government built the first homes for the Indian chiefs and initiated a plan to employ Indians. In Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Great Plains to Australia; Sociolinguistics of the Deaf community, C. Lucas (ed. Kiowa music often is noted for its hymns that historically were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. This horse has a painted lightning bolt on his front left leg, suggesting the voice of thunder heard each spring. Some bands of Kiowas remained at large until 1875. The historic tribal area of the Kiowa, established in 1867, covers 234,000 acres in southwestern Oklahoma. The Kiowa lost many aged people, children and women. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defense pact and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. [15], The Kiowa tribe issues its own vehicle tags. The chief Woman's Heart (Manyi-ten) belonged to this band. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts". Native Americans have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 both economically and in hospitalizations. [61] In March Kiowa Tribal Historian Phil “Joe Fish” Dupoint began offering an 8-week course in the Kiowa language online through the college. Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone (1947–2013), Cruz McDaniels, Robert Redbird (b. Pressure from the Ojibwe in the north woods and edge of the great plains in Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and later the Sioux westward into Kiowa territory around the Black Hills. IV. Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma Flag. These, as well as the sky-blue circle that acts as a backdrop for the warrior, are part of the Koitsenko warrior tradition. In addition to warfare, the societies worked to keep peace within the camps and tribe as a whole. Kae-kia means a Kiowa man; Kae-ma is a Kiowa woman. 3–35. From that time on, the Comanche and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. George Catlin painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle. In summer 1833, the Osage attacked an exposed Kiowa camp near Head Mountain, Oklahoma. Tribal Flags The Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed the lands of many American Indian tribes. [12] Parker McKenzie, born 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English only when he began school. Fear of ghosts in Kiowa communities stemmed from the belief that spirits commonly resisted the end of their physical life. [48], On March 13, 1970, the constitution and bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma were drafted, and Kiowa voters ratified them on May 23, 1970. This is to be used in-house only, please do not give out address. Shown below are 65 flags representing those tribes. Later, they called themselves Kom-pa-bianta for "people with large tipi flaps", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men. (= Abhandlungen der Völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Heft 23), Nortorf 1970, S. 12–17] 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. [11] "Kiowa" may have been a transliteration by European Americans of a name by which the tribe was known among the Arapaho. Shields were made from tough bison hide stretched over a wooden frame, or made from the skull of bison, which made a small, strong shield. Tipis, conical lodges made from hide or later canvas, provided lightweight, portable housing. World Organizations Flags. A'piatan, as the leader, went to Washington to protest. Other tribes who encountered the Kiowa used sign language to describe them, by holding two straight fingers near the lower outside edge of the eye and moving these fingers back past the ear. Kiowa photographer Horace Poolaw (1906–1984) was one of the most prolific Native American photographers of his generation. Women were responsible for gathering wild edibles such as berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruit but could choose to hunt if they wanted to. Kialegee Tribe Flag. Kiowa /ˈkaɪ.əwə/ or Cáuijògà / Cáuijò:gyà (″language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)″) is a Tanoan language spoken by Kiowa people, primarily in Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties. The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with the Comanche): As the pressure on Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s, the regional divisions changed. Originally from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, Kiowa society follows bilateral descent, that is, both maternal and paternal lines are significant. This was a functional practice to keep their hair from getting tangled while they shot an arrow from a bow string. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes. Young men who proved their bravery, skill, or displayed their worth in battle were often invited to one of the warrior societies. [59] Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Cornel Pewewardy, Tom Mauchahty-Ware, and Terry Tsotigh. During times of scarce game, the Kiowa would eat small animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos. [41], From 1821 until 1870 the Kiowa joined the Comanche in raids, primarily to obtain livestock, that extended deep into Mexico and caused the death of thousands of people. This official logo of the Kiowa Tribe shows a Kiowa Warrior of the Plains. Kiowa Emblem. "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs", Kiowa Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography, WARREN WAGONTRAIN RAID | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), "Betty Nixon dies; helped found Mid-America All-Indian Center", Texas Beyond History – The Passing of the Indian Era, "Constitution and Bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma,, March 1970", "Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma—Tribal Constitution", "Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc", Jacobson House Native Art Center: About the Kiowa Six, "Kiowa Tribe becomes fifth to charter Bacone College", "Renowned Kiowa Tribal member to teach language course at Bacone College", "Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup", "The Things They Carried: Character Analysis | Kiowa | Study Guide | CliffsNotes", "Paulette Jiles's National Book Award Finalist Reviewed", List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado, Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876), History of Native Americans in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&oldid=1000841086, Federally recognized tribes in the United States, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from November 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with incomplete citations from November 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The culture and language of the Kiowa is encountered in the novel. 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