Seed potato crops are rogued in some countries to eliminate diseased plants or those of a different variety from the seed crop. Potatoes are sensitive to heavy frosts, which damage them in the ground. The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia[5] between 8000 and 5000 BC. [25] The international Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome. [79] Slightly older than creamer potatoes are "new potatoes", which are also prized for their taste and texture and often come from the same varieties. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from the United States to southern Chile. McDonald's, Burger King, Frito-Lay, and Procter & Gamble announced they would not use genetically modified potatoes, and Monsanto published its intent to discontinue the line in March 2001. These are often harvested by the home gardener or farmer by "grabbling", i.e. Potato flakes are popular as an instant variety of mashed potatoes, which reconstitute into mashed potatoes by adding water, with butter or oil and salt to taste. [79] The skin of creamer potatoes is waxy and high in moisture content, and the flesh contains a lower level of starch than other potatoes. Commercial growers plant potatoes as a row crop using seed tubers, young plants or microtubers and may mound the entire row. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, Solanaceae, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. ), as well as the food plants eggplant and tomato. Gauldie, Enid (1981). We’ve dug up 17 facts about Ireland’s favourite veg We don’t eat as many as we used to. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens. In Chile's Chiloé Archipelago, potatoes are the main ingredient of many dishes, including milcaos, chapaleles, curanto and chochoca. The two most common Irish potatoes (Rooster and Kerr's Pink) are both less starchy. Happy Potato Day! At this phase, several factors are critical to a good yield: optimal soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to pest attacks. H raw sorghum Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, part of the Columbian exchange. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that thrives on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. [66], Potatoes are generally grown from seed potatoes, tubers specifically grown to be free from disease and to provide consistent and healthy plants. The discovery of acrylamides in starchy foods in 2002 has led to international health concerns. [19] Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. Potatoes (mainly Russets) are commonly used in plant research. Irish recipes traditionally use drier, flour-y types, rather than waxy types like yellow potatoes. [82] The commercial storage and retrieval of potatoes involves several phases: first drying surface moisture; wound healing at 85% to 95% relative humidity and temperatures below 25 °C (77 °F); a staged cooling phase; a holding phase; and a reconditioning phase, during which the tubers are slowly warmed. [86] United Kingdom was a close second. Commercial growers cover them by piling additional soil around the base of the plant as it grows (called "hilling" up, or in British English "earthing up"). A dish called masala dosa from South India is very notable all over India. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. Potato chunks also commonly appear as a stew ingredient. [52][53] The most widely cultivated variety, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, is indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago, and has been cultivated by the local indigenous people since before the Spanish conquest. Jean-François Millet's The Potato Harvest depicts peasants working in the plains between Barbizon and Chailly. [21][22], The major species grown worldwide is Solanum tuberosum (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. In western Norway, komle is popular. Each nutrient (every row) has the highest number highlighted to show the staple food with the greatest amount in a 100-gram raw portion. Cajun Spiced Chicken Potato Hash. (2001), South America: (English and Spanish): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Eurasia: Armenia, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan. [92] As well as affecting potatoes directly, climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests. But we know how to grow them in space In Germany, Northern and Eastern Europe (especially in Scandinavian countries), Finland, Poland, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. Purple skin, slight whitish scab, blue when cooked. …have a brown, thicker net-like skin (look closely you’ll see the net). Around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself, the first record of this usage being in New Zealand English. Smashed condimented potato is used in causa Limeña and papa rellena. The potato is widely thought to have been introduced to Ireland in 1586 by an American, Sir Walter Raleigh. Wound-response studies are often done on potato tuber tissue, as are electron transport experiments. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners to territories and ports throughout the world. Y raw yam [45][46] In October 2011 BASF requested cultivation and marketing approval as a feed and food from the EFSA. [5][6][7] In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. John Donald. This is transported up an apron chain consisting of steel links several feet wide, which separates some of the dirt. Stamppot, a traditional Dutch meal, is based on mashed potatoes mixed with vegetables. In 2012, GMO development in Europe was stopped by BASF. A raw yellow dent corn Irish potatoes are named after Ireland because they are closely associated with the Irish potato famine, a historical famine caused by a mold infestation of the Irish potato crop. Glycoalkaloid poisoning may cause headaches, diarrhea, cramps, and, in severe cases, coma and death. Next Up: French Fry Fans, J.R. Simplot Co.; Availability of Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Potato Genetically Engineered for Low Acrylamide Potential and Reduced Black Spot Bruise. The potato was introduced to Ireland as a garden crop of the gentry. Mark it with an X almost all the way through. [64] Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. View recipe. [11][12], The English word potato comes from Spanish patata (the name used in Spain). [18][14], Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. The Lenape variety was released in 1967 but was withdrawn in 1970 as it contained high levels of glycoalkaloids. In the South, 'Red LaSoda' is a popular early red variety and 'Norgold M' is a good, early baking type. Roast potatoes are commonly served as part of a Sunday roast dinner and mashed potatoes form a major component of several other traditional dishes, such as shepherd's pie, bubble and squeak, and bangers and mash. Mexican-style Huevos Rancheros. In normal potatoes, analysis has shown solanine levels may be as little as 3.5% of the breeders' maximum, with 7–187 mg/kg being found. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden and the Netherlands in subsequent years. [34] In general, varieties are categorized into a few main groups based on common characteristics, such as russet potatoes (rough brown skin), red potatoes, white potatoes, yellow potatoes (also called Yukon potatoes) and purple potatoes. Idaho potatoes are russets and are quite starchy. For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy baking potatoes have more starch (20–22%) than waxy boiling potatoes (16–18%). In India, the most popular potato dishes are aloo ki sabzi, batata vada, and samosa, which is spicy mashed potato mixed with a small amount of vegetable stuffed in conical dough, and deep fried. [115], Van Gogh's 1885 painting The Potato Eaters portrays a family eating potatoes. [117], "Spud" redirects here. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard referred to sweet potatoes as common potatoes, and used the terms bastard potatoes and Virginia potatoes for the species we now call potato. [105] It is a thin pancake of rice and pulse batter rolled over spicy smashed potato and eaten with sambhar and chutney. The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno batata ('sweet potato') and the Quechua papa ('potato'). One popular favourite involves a baked potato with cheddar cheese (or sour cream and chives) on top, and in New England "smashed potatoes" (a chunkier variation on mashed potatoes, retaining the peel) have great popularity. Burn centres in India have experimented with the use of the thin outer skin layer to protect burns while healing. Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), the potato aphid, beet leafhoppers, thrips, and mites. B raw unenriched long-grain white rice [60], In the UK, potatoes are not considered by the National Health Service (NHS) as counting or contributing towards the recommended daily five portions of fruit and vegetables, the 5-A-Day program.[61]. [27] More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile. Perfect for mash, Vivaldi also make great jacket potatoes and are particularly good at absorbing flavours when dressed in sauces or oils. Use an all-purpose potato, such as russet. Usuals. [114], During the late 19th century, numerous images of potato harvesting appeared in European art, including the works of Willem Witsen and Anton Mauve. 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