This reference voltage can be either positive or negative as shown in circuit diagram below. My choice for a basic set point control would be a circuit commonly called a comparator where a variable is compared to a set point. Resistors R1 and R2 provide a reference voltage at the non-inverting input and the input voltage Vin is applied at the inverting input. A typical “inverting” comparator circuit is shown in Figure 1. Op-amps are used in the construction of oscillators, like an Wein bridge oscillator. The reference voltage can be changed externally and also can be either positive or negative as discussed above. LM311 is a dedicatedly designed high speed differential comparator responsible for comparing voltages.The operating supply voltage can range from -15 to +15V for OP-AMPs. Figure 1. The transfer characteristics are shown in figure below. The following figure shows the inverting configuration of comparator. As the non-inverting (positive) input of the comparator is less than the inverting (negative) input, the output will be LOW and at the negative supply voltage, -Vcc resulting in a negative saturation of the output. If Vin
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