Example of Report Writing Format webcache.googleusercontent.com. Law often acts as a catalyst in society, introducing ideas and solutions that might not otherwise take hold. No state requires proof that the defendant was aware of the possibility that his partner was underage. But this explanation implies that nonconsensual intercourse should qualify as a lesser offense, just as it is a crime to take property without consent by force (robbery) or without force (theft). A law report is a record of a judicial decision on a point of law which sets a precedent. For a close reading of the examples, click the images below. Nearly all states required independent corroboration of the complainant’s testimony, and many instructed their juries to examine that testimony with caution. Judges also worried that a woman might falsely accuse a man for reasons of blackmail. The offense of rape was therefore gender-specific (only a woman could be raped) and was inapplicable to many serious sexual abuses, such as forcible sodomy. Modern statutes typically punish as rape the forcible penetration—by any object—of a woman’s mouth, anus, or vagina, and most rape statutes apply to penetration of a male victim as well. Absent resistance, courts assumed that the victim freely chose to acquiesce. Law is perhaps the most conspicuous arena wherein theory and practice meet. Victims accordingly are less hesitant to report their rapes, prosecutors are less quick to drop charges, and juries are less easily swayed by old stereotypes. 4 0 obj DEDICATION (NO REQUIRED FOR RESEARCH PAPER) (The dedication, as the name … Simply, a research paper/report is a systematic write up on the findings of the study including methodologies, discussion, conclusions etc. Legal Research Paper Sample Essay Love Martial Law Research Paper. Penal Law 130.00(8) (1977), repealed (1982)) or as ‘‘a genuine physical effort to resist as judged by the circumstances’’ (State v. Lima, 643 P.2d 536, 540 (1982)). Jump start your report with this attractive accessible template, with formatting already set up for you. Not all decisions taken in a court of law set a precedent, however interesting they may be in terms of the facts of the case or its consequences. Ever since the sixteenth century, intercourse, though fully consensual, has been classified as rape when the woman is under a specified age of consent. When a defendant’s claimed belief is patently unreasonable, a jury may conclude that he did not really hold the belief and that he is therefore culpable after all. Today, courts are more willing to find implicit threats sufficient. Sample Selection The respondents involved in this survey were employees working in companies located in Central Texas. Legally, force remains essential to distinguish criminal misconduct from permissible behavior. Pick a topic. To understand key trends, Download Sample Report. While taking a print out of your internship report , keep in mind that what type of paper you can use to make it look more professional and good idea is to use resume paper . But nonconsensual intercourse without force traditionally was not an offense at all, and this is still true in most states. Defense tactics at trial posed a further problem. In its broadest sense, legal research includes each step of a course of action that begins with an analysis of the facts of a problem and concludes with the application and communication of the results of the investigation." POSNER, RICHARD, and SILBAUGH, KATHARINE B. SCHULHOFER, STEPHEN ‘‘Taking Sexual Autonomy Seriously: Rape Law and Beyond.’’. Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System Research Institute . The first is the refusal to require mens rea. It summarises and analyses the relevant law and applies it to a particular fact situation. In such cases the defendant would know he did not have affirmative permission and therefore he would have a culpable state of mind even under strict traditional standards. Many report templates have clearly delineated sections for summary, intro, and conclusions for ease of use. NOTE: The next is copyrighted materials. Except in three special situations, nonconsent alone is not sufficient. But as it leaves unclear the line between compulsion and legitimate persuasion, there is concern about its potential vagueness. A preliminary sorting of ideas ..... 2 Stage 2. 344–346). In business, a research report is a document containing the results of business research. OR ... reports, letters, and they engage in numerous writing projects/assignments. The results indicate that the majority of staff find mobile phone use a major issue in staff meetings. The legal aspects of rape include five topics concerned primarily with forcible rape—the purpose of rape law, the punishment for forcible rape, the elements of the offense, evidentiary issues, and practical concerns about enforcement. 1 Introduction Religious Laws and Religious Crimes in developing and developed countries. View sample criminal law research paper on legal aspects of rape. In these jurisdictions, however, the prosecution still must prove actual or threatened force. Research reports are recorded data prepared by researchers or statisticians after analyzing information gathered by conducting organized research, typically in the form of surveys or qualitative methods.. Reports usually are spread across a vast horizon of topics but are focused on communicating information about a particular topic and a very niche target market. But nearly all courts insist that the injury feared must involve bodily harm; coercion by threats to inflict nonphysical injury is generally considered insufficient. Begin your research: With a topic selected, the next step is to begin research. To ensure confidentiality, The meaning of ‘‘consent’’ is crucial and, both in law and culture, far from clear. Start with the introduction where you need to give a brief account of the topic. Such a report is not a complete description of the work done by the researcher. In most states force remains an essential element of the offense. Thus, deceptive inducements can no longer lead to prosecution for any crime. Begin the legal research paper by writing down a clear statement of the facts. Legal research paper topics ideas for the college students are given here by Students Assignment Help professionals. Category: Law Research Paper Examples. This should be followed by abstract description of the topic with all the samples and designs furnished. 1985)). A number of state statutes address these concerns. Site Links: Writing Guidelines Writing Exercises. The following example of a research paper is the perfect place to get started. ... Not only is the authorised law report, it will make her other research easier as journal articles will refer to this version of the case when they use page numbers and is a citation requirement of the AGLC. Ensure your research plan is documented so that you can regularly and efficiently carry out your research activities. The Court in Michael M. viewed the risk of pregnancy as an equivalent deterrent penalty for the female and said that punishing her would interfere with effective enforcement because females would then be less likely to report the offense. Law reports or reporters are series of books that contain judicial opinions from a selection of case law decided by courts.When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the case citation format.. Sample research report Executive Summary (Summary or Abstract) The aim of this report was to investigate UniLab staff attitudes to personal mobile phone use in staff and team meetings. In State v. Thompson, 792 P.2d 1103 (Mont. It consists of an excerpt from an article in progress. In addition, they argue, the harm of forced intimacy is less serious when the victim and the offender have ‘‘an ongoing relation of sexual intimacy.’’. Research Reports: Definition. 2 Civil Legal Aid Research Workshop Report AUTHORS’ NOTE . You can find example of case notes in: a general legal journal, such as the Law Institute Journal ; an academic legal journal, such as Monash University Law Review; or a journal dealing with a specific area of law such as Internet Law Bulletin. The mens rea standard applied in most American states is less demanding, in that ordinary negligence is sufficient, and it can lead to conviction for the highest grade of forcible rape. Write your law research paper by following the list having best and unique quality topics on the law. Internship Report Sample – Internship Report Format The internship report drafted by top professionals to provide guidance to students has given the few important steps in chronological order. To combat this problem, the Model Penal Code recommended dividing rape into several distinct offenses, with the more severe penalties reserved for cases involving strangers and extreme forms of force. Empirical studies provide only limited confirmation of this impression, however. The three cases in which intercourse traditionally has been equated with forcible rape, even in the absence of physical compulsion, are those in which the woman was unconscious, was mentally incompetent, or gave her consent under certain false pretenses. Sample Reports: Lab Handout Sample Lab Report #1. Officials often assumed that such facts proved the victim was lying or made conviction impossible even if she was not. Indeed, medical writers insist that these obstacles are practically insuperable in absence of more than the usual relative disproportion of age and strength between man and woman’’ (Brown v. State, 106 N.W. EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH PAPER--- START OF EXAMPLE ---[Page 1 - text aligned in the center and middle of the page] "Behavioral Study of Obedience" by [author], [University] 1961 [Page 2 - text starts at the top, left] Abstract. Courts once insisted, in most cases, on proof of extreme brutality or an explicit threat of physical harm. Cm service paper legal examples writing, legal louis research du trocadero in, legal equation of nature, we can be substituted into rotational kinetic energy of the kinetic energy dudx papers dy dx x pper. Kenyon … Law can also act as a barrier to social progress and justice. Starting in the 1970s, states began to enact ‘‘rape shield’’ statutes to limit abusive crossexamination. Today many states follow this approach, and many continue to authorize life imprisonment for the highest degree of rape. Apart from the three categories of unconsciousness, mental incompetence, and fraud in the factum—and consensual sex with a minor (‘‘statutory rape,’’ discussed below)—a rape conviction requires proof that submission was compelled by force. Growing Awareness Regarding Regulated Legal Services. Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Since the 1970s, the marital exemption has been under attack. In addition, as a corollary of the force requirement, the prosecution had to prove that the victim resisted. Get discount 10% for the first order. There is a general impression that enforcement problems are less serious than in the past. In the eighteenth century, William Blackstone defined rape as ‘‘carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will’’ (p. 210). A fine example of this would be the market reports that firms write up on a monthly or periodic basis. One feature of the modern evolution has been the abandonment of the term rape in many states and the use of a gender-neutral term such as sexual battery to describe the offense. iii. This guide is essential for every law student. To the extent that the criminal law should protect women and men not only from physical abuse but from all interference with sexual autonomy, this last approach seems best suited to a modern law of rape. In cases involving white defendants or black defendants accused by black complainants, however, courts usually held that implicit threats and victim fears resulting from an intimidating situation were insufficient. 2009 . In planning your research paper, you have to consider the following: Research Topic – Choosing a topic is not that easy. ; Summary – There needs to be a summary of the major points, conclusions, and recommendations. Example of Abstract. But there is evidence that a substantial minority of contemporary women (35 to 40 percent in some studies) sometimes say ‘‘no’’ when they are willing to have intercourse and want their date to ‘‘try harder,’’ ‘‘beg,’’ or ‘‘get physical’’ (see Schulhofer, 1998, pp. Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. Writing an effective paper will always require an appropriate procedure. The M.T.S. USLegal … Empirical studies indicate that for most women, most of the time, ‘‘no’’ does mean no. Generally in criminal law (and subject to many exceptions), culpability requires that the defendant had actual knowledge of the facts that made his behavior criminal or at least ‘‘recklessness’’—an awareness that his conduct might cause a proscribed harm. To prevent such tactics, many modern statutes eliminate the express requirements of unwillingness or nonconsent. A common mistake made by students is writing it the same way a summary is written. Against that background, some jurors might think that a defendant’s mistake about consent was not unreasonable, even in the face of a woman’s clear verbal protests. They provide a brief summary of the report including the methods used, the key findings and conclusions. The traditional offense of rape required proof of five elements: penetration, force and resistance, nonconsent, absence of a spousal relationship (the marital exemption), and a culpable state of mind (mens rea). 43–44). Thus, consent is always a potential issue, and it seems clear that the best means to prevent evidentiary abuse is through shield laws and other control of crossexamination, rather than through a futile attempt to eliminate the consent question entirely. Today, most states still require resistance, but the requirement is less rigid than in the past. Legal Research Proposal Sample. Critics of this approach argue that nonviolent interference with autonomy is not sufficiently serious to warrant criminal sanctions, or that there is excessive danger of erroneous results when nonconsent alone is sufficient for conviction. Sample of a literature assessment from a quantitative analysis paper. By offering its primary protection only to such women, the law in effect favored (and perhaps still favors) some women over others. Many states, taking the next step, have in theory abolished the resistance requirement. Modern apologists for the exemption argue instead that in cases of marital discord, criminal sanctions represent an intrusion that could disrupt ‘‘the ongoing process of adjustment in the marital relationship’’ (American Law Institute, pp. In treating current law, this section discusses the statutes (however labeled) that apply to conduct traditionally called rape. In what sense, then, is it plausible to think of rape law as discriminating against women? Legislation is often the first primary source to consider as many legal research problems centre on the interpretation of legislation. <> Roughly at the same time, changing attitudes toward extramarital sex made such tactics less useful than in the past and more likely to backfire by discrediting the defense. For example, “Statement of the Facts,” “Questions Presented” and so on. 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